Use of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) in undisturbed field soils.

The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) has been shown to be a promising tool to assess metal bioavailability in soils under laboratory conditions. In this study we used DGT to investigate the resupply kinetics of Cu and Zn under in-situ conditions in a polluted lysimeter soil and compared the results with laboratory measurements using undisturbed soil cores at defined water contents as well as homogenized soil samples. Results differed considerably between these treatments, although the same soil material was used in all experiments. A small pool of rapidly available Zn was found in the field but not in the homogenized soil. Soil solution pH and dissolved metal concentrations also varied significantly between the soil treatments. In addition, we compared the DGT-measured effective concentration with the uptake of Cu and Zn into the shoots of Lolium perenne (Ryegrass) under the same three types of conditions, i.e., field, soil cores, and homogenized soil. A close relationship was found which was not linear but could be described by a saturation-type behavior. L. perenne is a metal excluder plant, and thus, metal accumulation is limited by translocation of metals from roots to shoots. DGT predicted plant metal uptake much better than the soil solution concentration or pH. The results of this study suggest that DGT may be successfully used under field conditions to study the kinetics of metal resupply. Plant metal concentrations were not well predicted in all cases by the effective concentration CE under field conditions. Some plants took up considerably more metals than estimated by CE. Variations in metal uptake independent of their bioavailability can be caused by local variations in microsite conditions, e.g. light, temperature, water, and nutrients. To some degree, such indetermination has to be expected as an inherent feature of the system and the concept of bioavailability.