Metastatic malignant melanoma.

Malignant melanoma is one of the most worrisome tumors in terms of epidemiology, and incidence is increasing. The estimated lifetime risk in the United States is 1 in 75 people. As soon as the first distant metastasis appears, the disease becomes one of the most aggressive and chemoresistant tumors: 90-95% of patients do not survive more than 3 years. Results with chemotherapy are disappointing as few drugs have demonstrated an impact on survival. Drug combinations provide only a slightly higher response rate and do not overcome the natural chemoresistance of this tumor. Tamoxifen, which was widely investigated in the late 1980s and 1990s, has not added any benefit in terms of response rate or survival. Since their description as immunomodulating molecules, the cytokines interferon-alpha and interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been extensively tested in malignant melanoma. They seem to achieve higher response rates and survival rates than chemotherapy but undoubtedly lead to more long-term unmaintained remissions. Their combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, "chemoimmunotherapy", has been tested using various doses and schedules (one or two cytokines, single drug or combination chemotherapy). The combination of cisplatin and IL-2 plays a key role in this strategy. However, because of its higher toxicity, the real benefit of chemoimmunotherapy on patient survival still needs to be proven.