OBJECTIVE: Studies on the time sense of depressed patients have revealed inconsistent results. Manic patients have been almost neglected. METHOD: Patients with a major depressive episode (n = 32), or a manic episode (n = 30) (both Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-confirmed), and 31 healthy controls were included. The subjective time experience was assessed by a visual analog scale (VAS), the objectively measurable time judgment abilities by the Chronotest, a computer program developed for this study, consisting of time estimation and time production tasks. RESULTS: Controls reported a balanced, manic patients an enhanced, and depressive patients a slowed experience of time flow in the VAS (P < 0.001). In the time judgment tasks, however, both depressed and manic patients showed time overestimation for the longer time spans (P < 0.008). CONCLUSION: This largest study on time sense in manic patients confirmed results of a divergent alteration of time experience in depressive and in manic patients but revealed an uniform time overestimation by both patient groups in time judgment tasks.
OBJECTIVE: Studies on the time sense of depressedpatients have revealed inconsistent results. Manicpatients have been almost neglected. METHOD:Patients with a major depressive episode (n = 32), or a manic episode (n = 30) (both Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-confirmed), and 31 healthy controls were included. The subjective time experience was assessed by a visual analog scale (VAS), the objectively measurable time judgment abilities by the Chronotest, a computer program developed for this study, consisting of time estimation and time production tasks. RESULTS: Controls reported a balanced, manicpatients an enhanced, and depressivepatients a slowed experience of time flow in the VAS (P < 0.001). In the time judgment tasks, however, both depressed and manicpatients showed time overestimation for the longer time spans (P < 0.008). CONCLUSION: This largest study on time sense in manicpatients confirmed results of a divergent alteration of time experience in depressive and in manicpatients but revealed an uniform time overestimation by both patient groups in time judgment tasks.
Authors: J T Kowalski; S Kobs; P Zimmermann; F Petermann; J Thome; P Kropp; W D Gerber; U Niederberger Journal: J Neural Transm (Vienna) Date: 2012-06-12 Impact factor: 3.575
Authors: Ricardo Cáceda; Jessica M Carbajal; Ronald M Salomon; Jordan E Moore; Greg Perlman; Prasad R Padala; Abdullah Hasan; Pedro L Delgado Journal: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol Date: 2020-09-29 Impact factor: 4.600
Authors: Katya Rubia; Rozmin Halari; Anastasia Christakou; Eric Taylor Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci Date: 2009-07-12 Impact factor: 6.237