Fos-immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus: dependency on the diurnal rhythm, sleep, gender, and estrogen.

Diurnal variations and sleep deprivation-induced changes in the number of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-IR) neurons in various hypothalamic/preoptic nuclei were studied in the rat. The nuclei implicated in sleep regulation, the ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO), median preoptic (MnPO), and suprachiasmatic (SCN, dorsomedial subdivision) nuclei, displayed maximum c-fos expression in the rest (light) period. Sleep deprivation (S.D.) suppressed Fos-IR in the dorsomedial subdivision of SCN but failed to alter Fos in the VLPO. Fos-IR increased in the VLPO during recovery after S.D. A nocturnal rise in Fos expression was detected in the arcuate (ARC), anterodorsal preoptic (ADP) and anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nuclei whereas the lateroanterior hypothalamic nucleus (LA) and the ventrolateral subdivision of SCN did not display diurnal variations. S.D. stimulated Fos expression in the ARC, ADP, and LA. Statistically significant, albeit modest, differences were noted in the number of Fos-IR cells between males and cycling female (estrus/diestrus) in the VLPO, MnPO, ARC, LA, and AVPV, and the female ADP did not display diurnal variations. Ovariectomy (OVX) was followed by marked reduction in Fos expression in the VLPO, SCN, and AVPV, and the diurnal rhythm decreased in the VLPO, and vanished in the dorsomedial SCN, and AVP. Estrogen administration to OVX female rats stimulated Fos expression in most nuclei, and the lost diurnal variations reoccurred. In contrast, castration of male rats had little effect on Fos expression (slight rises in diurnal Fos in the ARC and ventrolateral SCN). The results suggest that Fos expression is highly estrogen-dependent in many hypothalamic nuclei including those that have been implicated in sleep regulation.