Effects of flooding on leaf dynamics and other seedling responses in flood-tolerant Alnus japonica and flood-intolerant Betula platyphylla var. japonica.

Two-year-old seedlings of Alnus japonica Steud. and Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara were flooded from mid-June to early November, to study the effects of flooding on seedling survival and growth, morphological changes in stems and roots, leaf emergence, leaf fall, and leaf longevity. In A. japonica, growth was not affected by flooding, except for a slight decrease in height growth, but some morphological changes of stems and roots were observed, i.e., stem base hypertrophy, hypertrophied lenticels, formation of adventitious roots and development of new roots. In B. platyphylla var. japonica, growth was severely reduced by flooding and all seedlings died by the 20th week of flooding, without showing any adaptive morphological changes in stems or roots. Flooding induced rapid depression of leaf emergence, promoted leaf abscission, and reduced leaf longevity in B. platyphylla var. japonica. In contrast, in A. japonica, basal leaf senescence was delayed in flooded seedlings, thereby extending leaf longevity compared with unflooded seedlings.