Tree rings as Pb pollution archives? A comparison of 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratios in pine and other environmental media.

Tree rings, if validated as an environmental archive for pollution, would provide a convenient, geographically widespread archive for studying the temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants. We collected tree-ring records from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), ranging in age from 100 to 300 years and from one spruce (Picea abies), from sites in southern and northern Sweden and analyzed their stable lead isotopic composition (206Pb/207Pb). These results are compared to the Pb isotopic composition in soil profiles from each of the sites and temporal changes in the 206Pb/207Pb ratio in peat and lake sediment deposits in Sweden. The mineral soils at each site are characterized by high 206Pb/207Pb ratios (> 1.35), while the ratios in the mor layer are low (1.14-1.16) and characterized by atmospheric lead pollution. The 206Pb/207Pb ratios of the tree rings, typically approximately 1.18-1.20, indicate a significant (10-30%) contribution of Pb derived from the underlying mineral soil. While peat and lake sediment records show that the 206Pb/207Pb ratio of atmospheric deposition has varied over time, with a pronounced trough between approximately 1930 and 1990, the tree rings show no similar trend. Further comparison of published Pb isotope data from other tree-ring records with time series from peat bogs and herbarium samples also shows poor agreement, and indicates that tree rings always contain a mixture of pollution Pb and Pb from the underlying mineral soil. The majority of Pb in the wood is derived from atmospheric pollution either directly, through aerial interception, or indirectly, through uptake from the large pool of accumulated pollution Pb in the soil. Since the Pb isotope ratios of the wood indicate that some natural Pb is taken up into the tree, then it must also be concluded that some fraction of the pollution Pb in the wood is likewise taken up from the forest soil. Based on the Pb isotope analyses, we can only conclude that dendrochemical records are not useful in temporal studies of metal pollution.