From flower induction to seed production in forest tree orchards.

We review developments in cone and seed production research during the past decade. We conclude that although cone induction techniques, including hormonal and cultural procedures, have been refined, they still do not fully overcome juvenility or noninductive environmental effects. The role pollen plays in enhancing seed production and the genetic quality of seed is discussed. Techniques for handling pollen are described, in vitro viability assays are reviewed, and we also examine recent developments in pollen collection and its artificial ripening.