A case-control study of gynecomastia in HIV-1-infected patients receiving HAART.

Gynecomastia has been reported to occur in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. A retrospective case-control study was conducted to determine risk factors associated with this condition. Two control patients were randomly chosen for each of 23 case patients identified. An efavirenz-containing regimen was strongly associated with the development of gynecomastia (odds ratio, 20; P < .001). Case patients were not more likely to have lipodystrophy, low testosterone levels, chronic infection with hepatitis B or C virus, or liver dysfunction compared with control patients. None of these factors altered the efavirenz-associated risk when analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Efavirenz appears to be strongly associated with gynecomastia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART.