Use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy to prevent or delay recurrence of prostate cancer in patients undergoing radiation treatment for prostate cancer.

Multiple oncologic treatment modalities are often integrated into the curative treatment approach for the patient with a newly established diagnosis of cancer. The combination of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies with radiotherapy for the care of the patient with prostate cancer is no exception. There is clear evidence that neoadjuvant androgen suppression reduces the volume of tumor in preparation for radiotherapy, and it is an effective addition to conventional-dose external radiotherapy in patients with large-volume primary prostatic tumors. Adjuvant androgen suppression improves local and systemic tumor control and improves survival duration compared with radiotherapy alone for patients with locally advanced or node-positive prostate cancer, particularly in those with high-grade disease. The role of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies is under intense scrutiny as several randomized clinical trials seek to optimize the combination of androgen suppression, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The historical precedent for combining androgen suppression with radiotherapy is described, as are the results of prior definitive trials and ongoing studies in this setting.