Neutral and anionic liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin: effect of postinserted poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine on distribution and circulation kinetics.

To prepare long-circulating liposomes, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-lipid is usually mixed with other lipid components before vesicle formation. PEG-lipids can also be postinserted in the outer layer of liposomes after the preparation. In this study, PEG-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine was incorporated by postinsertion technique into liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) carrying neutral or negative charge. Postinsertion technique improved the encapsulation efficiency of hemoglobin from about 0.0017 to 0.017 (hemoglobin/phospholipid, molar ratio) for a similar lipid composition. Thus, neutral, anionic, PEG-neutral, and PEG-anionic LEHs were made and labeled with technetium-99m to follow their biodistribution. A small dose of LEH (approximately 15 mg of phospholipid) was injected intravenously in rabbits, and its distribution was monitored by blood sampling, gamma camera imaging, and tissue radioactivity counting on necropsy. The 24-h blood levels of neutral, PEG-neutral, anionic, and PEG-anionic LEHs were 14, 40.3, 13.1, and 35.7% of injected dose, respectively; calculated T(1/2) values of circulation were 8.9, 19.3, 9.6, and 16.5 h, respectively. PEGylation also influenced accumulation of LEH in the reticuloendothelial system. Liver uptake of neutral LEH dropped from 52.1 to 19.1%, whereas that of anionic LEH came down from 35.3 to 11.5% on PEGylation. In contrast, PEGylation increased the spleen uptake by 8.5- and 2.5-fold for neutral and anionic LEH, respectively. The results demonstrate that PEGylation by postinsertion not only improves the circulation t1/2 of LEH but also enhances hemoglobin content inside the vesicles for better oxygen-carrying capacity.