Thioredoxin system in premature and newborn biology.

Thioredoxin is an important redox protein that is ubiquitously distributed. Thioredoxin exists in dynamic equilibrium between the oxidized and reduced forms, making it an ideal redox-regulatory protein. Thioredoxin, together with thioredoxin reductase and peroxiredoxins, forms a complete redox system that is similar to the glutathione system, but with distinct and divergent functions. This review provides a brief general summary of the thioredoxin system with particular emphasis on its role in premature birth and newborn physiology and disease states. Although extensive studies have examined the role of the thioredoxin system in antioxidant defense, cell proliferation, and signal transduction, further studies are needed to understand its role in embryogenesis and development. Such studies will facilitate our understanding of how thioredoxin may modulate newborn diseases via redox regulation.