Effects of bosentan on cellular processes involved in pulmonary arterial hypertension: do they explain the long-term benefit?

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a rapidly progressing disease characterized by an over- expression of endothelin. In addition to its potent pulmonary vasoconstrictor effects, endothelin has been shown to produce many of the aberrant changes, such as hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation, and neurohormonal activation that underlie the shortened life span in pulmonary arterial hypertensive patients. The fact that endothelin expression correlates significantly with disease severity and outcome in these patients suggests that endothelin, through binding to both ETA and ETB receptor subtypes, is a key causative agent in the pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The orally active dual endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan competitively antagonizes the binding of endothelin to both endothelin receptor subtypes with high affinity and specificity. In animal models relevant for the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension, bosentan not only causes selective pulmonary vasodilation, but also prevents vascular hypertrophy and cardiac remodeling, attenuates pulmonary fibrosis, decreases vascular inflammation, and blunts neurohormonal activation. These experimental data may explain the effects on disease progression and the long-term benefit observed with bosentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension.