Fos and FRA protein expression in rat precerebellar structures during the Neurolab Space Mission.

Changes in gene expression were examined in precerebellar structures during and after space flight. These structures included the inferior olive (IO), the source of climbing fibers, and the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) and basilar pontine nuclei (PN), sources of mossy fibers. We examined two immediate early gene products with two different time courses of expression: Fos, which persists only for a few (6-8)h after activation and FRA expression, which lasts for longer periods of time, i.e. hours and/or days after activation. Gravity effects on Fos and FRA gene expression were evident in vestibular and visual areas of the IO, including the dorsomedial cell column, the beta subnucleus and the dorsal cap of Kooy of the medial nucleus (which projects to the flocculonodular lobe, i.e. to the vestibular area of the IO involved in the olivary control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)). Gene expression also affected the subnuclei A, B, and C and the caudal part of the medial IO. These olivary regions do not receive vestibular afferents, but rather spinal afferents, and are particularly involved in the olivary control of the vestibulospinal reflex (VSR). Changes in Fos expression were also observed in the LRt and the PN. We suggest that sensory substitution, in which signals produced by a subject's own activity replace activity normally provided by macular stimulation, contributes to the recovery of microgravity-related postural and motor deficits. While no consistent increases in FRA expression occurred in vestibular IO regions 24h after launch, consistent increases in FRA expression occurred 24h after landing. We hypothesize that this asymmetrical pattern of gene expression resulted from (i). tonic microgravity experienced after launch counteracting the effects of increased phasic gravitational forces experienced during launch, and (ii). the tonic gravitational field experienced after landing potentiating the effects of increased phasic gravitational forces experienced during landing. The specificity of these results is demonstrated by an absence of direct gravity-related changes in Fos expression in other precerebellar structures such as the external cuneate nucleus, group X, and the dorsal column nuclei that transmit exteroceptive and proprioceptive signals to thalamic nuclei and somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex. The gravity-related Fos and FRA expression changes in the IO and the LRt seen here are of interest in view of the important role their projections play in adaptive gain changes of the VOR and VSR during sustained visuo-vestibular and neck-vestibular stimulation.