Lifestyle issues and genitourinary tumours.

A variety of lifestyle factors, including physical activity, artificial sweeteners, alcohol consumption and smoking, have been reported to contribute to the risk of developing urological malignancies. A great number of epidemiological studies suggest that sports and physical activity may have a preventive influence on genitourinary tumours, especially on the incidence of prostate cancer. Smoking appears to be the most relevant lifestyle factor significantly increasing both incidence and mortality from bladder cancer. Furthermore, there is evidence implicating an association between tobacco use and kidney cancer. In contrast, prostate and testicular cancers are unlikely to be linked to tobacco use. As far as alcohol is concerned, most studies indicate that neither amount nor type of alcohol seems to be clearly associated with a risk of developing urological malignancies. However, some more recent cohort studies suggest a moderately increased risk for prostate and bladder cancer for specific types of alcohol. On the other hand, there is evidence that moderate alcohol consumption may even protect women from developing renal cancer. Since the introduction of artificial sweeteners, reports of potential cancer risks have circulated periodically through the mass media. The wide distribution of these agents and the fact that mostly combinations of the different compounds are added to a broad variety of food, drinks, drugs, and hygiene products complicates a systematic analysis of their potential impact on the development of urological malignancies. Nevertheless, so far not a single study has convincingly demonstrated a statistically significant risk of bladder cancer due to the consumption of artificial sweeteners. This survey demonstrates that the individual assessment of lifestyle factors not only may identify groups with an increased risk for urological malignancies but also clearly displays a potential for tumour prevention.