Risk factors for male osteoporosis.

Hypogonadism from long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), either by bilateral orchiectomy or administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, causes significant and accelerated bone loss that may increase the risk of bone fractures in men with prostate cancer. Recent reports, as well as new data from our institution, have shown a high prevalence of pre-existing osteopenia and osteoporosis in men with prostate cancer before receiving ADT, and this is of great concern because of the risk of further bone loss during ADT. Data from these studies suggest the urgent need for clinical guidelines for screening, prevention, and treatment of these cases. This article reviews the prevalence and risk factors associated with osteoporosis in men and addresses risk factors in men with prostate cancer not receiving ADT. Considerations for the patient selection and timing of bone densitometry will also be discussed.