Facultative symbionts are associated with host plant specialization in pea aphid populations.

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, shows significant reproductive isolation and host plant specialization between populations on alfalfa and clover in New York. We examine whether specialization is seen in pea aphids in California, and whether fitness on alternative host plants is associated with the presence of bacterial symbionts. We measured the fitness of alfalfa- and clover-derived aphids on both types of plants and found no evidence for specialization when all aphid lineages were considered simultaneously. We then screened all aphids for the presence of four facultative bacterial symbionts: PAR, PASS, PABS and PAUS. Aphids with PAUS were host-plant specialized, having twice as many offspring as other aphids on clover, and dying on alfalfa. Other aphids showed no evidence of specialization. Additionally, aphids with PABS had 50% more offspring than aphids with PASS when on alfalfa. Thus, specialist and generalist aphid lineages coexist, and specialization is symbiont associated. Further work will resolve whether PAUS is directly responsible for this variation in fitness or whether PAUS is incidentally associated with host-plant specialized aphid lineages.