Part I: testicular cancer--management of early disease.

For patients diagnosed with early-stage testicular cancer radical orchidectomy is the primary therapeutic intervention. The major pathological types of testicular cancer are seminoma and non-seminomatous germ-cell cancer. After orchidectomy, most patients with seminoma receive adjuvant radiotherapy as standard of care, although surveillance and adjuvant chemotherapy protocols are being developed. For patients with non-seminomatous tumours there are three therapeutic options; surveillance, adjuvant chemotherapy, or retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection. These patients are classified into groups with high-risk or low-risk of recurrence by presence of vascular invasion in the surgical specimen. After orchidectomy, about 50% of patients with high-risk disease will relapse but this risk is reduced to less than 5% with adjuvant therapy. Surveillance of patients with low-risk disease is acceptable because testicular cancer is still curable if metastatic recurrence occurs. There is no consensus about the management of early non-seminomatous testicular cancer because survival is almost 100% irrespective of the initial treatment decision.