pH-sensitive holographic sensors.

Holographic sensors for monitoring H+ (pH) have been fabricated from ionizable monomers incorporated into thin, polymeric, hydrogel films which were transformed into volume holograms using a diffusion method coupled with holographic recording, using a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Unlike other optical pH sensors, it is possible to tailor the operational replay wavelength of the holographic sensor by careful control of the exposure conditions. The holographic diffraction wavelength (color) of the holograms was used to characterize their shrinkage and swelling behavior as a function of pH in various media. The effects of hydrogel composition, ionic strength, temperature, and factors influencing reversibility and response time are evaluated. Optimized holographic pH sensors show milli-pH resolution. The pH-sensing range of the holograms can be controlled through variation of the nature of the ionizable co-monomer used in polymer film construction; a series of holographic sensors displaying visually perceptible, fully reversible color changes over different pH ranges are demonstrated. A poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) holographic sensor was shown to be able to quantify the change in H+ concentrations in real time in a sample of milk undergoing homolactic fermentation in the presence of Lactobacillus casei.