Comparative phylogenies of yellow fever isolates from Peru and Brazil.

We recently reported phylogenetic evidence to support the presence of enzootic transmission foci of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Peru [Bryant et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2003)]. Because the prevailing paradigm of YFV transmission in Brazil is that of 'wandering epizootics' rather than discrete enzootic foci, we have now compared the molecular phylogenies of YFV isolates from Peru and Brazil, and re-examined the question of virus mobility by mapping the spatio-temporal distribution of genetic variants from these areas. Sequences were obtained for two genomic regions from 50 strains of YFV collected between 1954 and 2000 comprising 223 codons of the structural proteins (premembrane and envelope genes, 'prM/E'), and a distal region spanning the carboxy terminus of NS5 and part of the 3' non-coding region ('EMF'). Peruvian and Brazilian isolates formed two monophyletic clades with no evidence to support recombination between lineages. Variation within both coding and non-coding regions revealed similar substitution rates and overall levels of diversity within each clade. The branching structure of the prM/E and EMF trees of Brazilian sequences showed strong agreement of intra-lineage relationships; in contrast, the EMF sequences of Peruvian isolates failed to fully support the subclade structure of the prM/E phylogeny. These phylogenies suggest that transmission cycles of YFV in Peru and Brazil may sometimes be locally maintained within specific locales, but have also on occasion become very widely dispersed.