Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by a chronic inflammation in the pulmonary tissue. The disease is associated with a switch from a self-limiting inflammatory response, mainly initiated by smoke inhalation, to a chronic persistent inflammatory response after prolonged interaction with cigarette smoke. The extent of the inflammatory reaction is correlated with the severity of the disease. Chronic inflammation in the pulmonary tissue is also associated with systemic effects. These effects range from cytokine-induced priming of peripheral leukocytes, to muscle wasting induced by cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Despite a general consensus that chronic inflammation is a characteristic phenomenon of the disease, surprisingly little is known regarding the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. A clear communication is present between the disease mechanisms in the pulmonary compartment and peripheral tissues, leading to the concept of COPD as a systemic inflammatory disease. This communication can be mediated by: 1) leakage of reactive oxygen species and stress-induced cytokines directly into the peripheral blood, 2) (pre)activation of peripheral blood leukocytes that can result in aberrant homing and activation of inflammatory cells in distant tissues, and 3) the liberation of proinflammatory mediators by leukocytes and/or stromal cells present in the pulmonary tissues during progression of the disease. The current authors hypothesise that the occurrence of a chronic inflammatory response after prolonged interaction of the pulmonary tissue with cigarette smoke causes aberrant homing of leukocytes to the tissue and delayed apoptosis. This leads to the autonomous characteristic of the inflammatory response in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.