The ship hull fouling penalty.

The ship resistance penalties of slime, shell and weed are discussed in turn. Methods to measure the hard paint roughness of antifouling coatings are recapitulated. The determination of a satisfactory roughness parameter from correlations with measured roughness functions is described. This in turn, allows a relationship between ship added friction and roughness height to be found. This recapitulation allows consideration of using the same route for a surface with filamentous fouling. Consideration is given to low surface energy coatings and their roughness idiosyncrasies. The determination of economic penalties is discussed, both for a particular ship and globally.