Endocrine disruptors: effects on male fertility and screening tools for their assessment.

During the recent decades, a lot of research has been performed concerning the so-called "endocrine disruptors", which are widespread in the environment. These compounds of anthropogenic or natural origin mimic the action of sex hormones and can interfere with the endocrine system. The largest body of evidence exists for those compounds that are estrogenic in nature, but the amount of experimental data on other types of interactions, especially anti-androgenic, steadily increases. Because of the growing public and scientific concern, epidemiological studies have been initiated to analyse the short and long-term effects of endocrine disruptors. In addition, a number of assays have been developed and are undergoing validation, aiming at high throughput screening of chemical agents with suspected endocrine disrupting properties. In the present review, we briefly describe the results of epidemiological studies dealing with observed time trends in male fertility disorders. In the second part of the article, an overview is given of the different classes of endocrine disruptors, followed by a description of the most important in vitro and in vivo bioassays, used to screen for the possible endocrine disruptive capacity of chemicals, together with future research needs for in vitro test development.