Gregory D Carlson1, Carey Gorden. 1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University California, Irvine, Long Beach Veterans Administration, 5901 East 7th Street, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA. gcarlson@ocspine.com
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Recent advances in neuroscience have opened the door for hope toward prevention and cure of the devastating effects of spinal cord injury (SCI). PURPOSE: To highlight the current understanding of traumatic SCI mechanisms, provide information regarding state-of-the-art care for the acute spinal cord-injured patient, and explore future treatments aimed at neural preservation and reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN/ SETTING: A selective overview of the literature pertaining to the neuropathophysiology of traumatic SCI is provided with an emphasis on pharmacotherapies and posttraumatic experimental strategies aimed at improved neuropreservation and late neuroregenerative repair. METHODS: One hundred fifty-four peer-reviewed basic science and clinical articles pertaining to SCI were reviewed. Articles cited were chosen based on the relative merits and contribution to the current understanding of SCI neuropathophysiology, neuroregeneration, and clinical SCI treatment patterns. RESULTS: A better understanding of the pathophysiology and early treatment for the spinal cord-injured patient has led to a continued decrease in mortality, decreased acute hospitalization and complication rates, and more rapid rehabilitation and re-entry into society. Progressive neural injury results from a combination of secondary injury mechanisms, including ischemia, biochemical alterations, apoptosis, excitotoxicity, calpain proteases, neurotransmitter accumulation, lipid peroxidation/free radical injury, and inflammatory responses. Experimental studies suggest that the final posttraumatic neurologic deficit is not only a result of the initial impaction forces but rather a combination of these forces and secondary time-dependent events that follow shortly after the initial impact. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental studies continue to provide a better understanding of the complex interaction of pathophysiologic events after traumatic SCI. Future approaches will involve strategies aimed at blocking the multiple mechanisms of progressive central nervous system injury and promoting neuroregeneration.
BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Recent advances in neuroscience have opened the door for hope toward prevention and cure of the devastating effects of spinal cord injury (SCI). PURPOSE: To highlight the current understanding of traumatic SCI mechanisms, provide information regarding state-of-the-art care for the acute spinal cord-injured patient, and explore future treatments aimed at neural preservation and reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN/ SETTING: A selective overview of the literature pertaining to the neuropathophysiology of traumatic SCI is provided with an emphasis on pharmacotherapies and posttraumatic experimental strategies aimed at improved neuropreservation and late neuroregenerative repair. METHODS: One hundred fifty-four peer-reviewed basic science and clinical articles pertaining to SCI were reviewed. Articles cited were chosen based on the relative merits and contribution to the current understanding of SCI neuropathophysiology, neuroregeneration, and clinical SCI treatment patterns. RESULTS: A better understanding of the pathophysiology and early treatment for the spinal cord-injured patient has led to a continued decrease in mortality, decreased acute hospitalization and complication rates, and more rapid rehabilitation and re-entry into society. Progressive neural injury results from a combination of secondary injury mechanisms, including ischemia, biochemical alterations, apoptosis, excitotoxicity, calpain proteases, neurotransmitter accumulation, lipid peroxidation/free radical injury, and inflammatory responses. Experimental studies suggest that the final posttraumatic neurologic deficit is not only a result of the initial impaction forces but rather a combination of these forces and secondary time-dependent events that follow shortly after the initial impact. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental studies continue to provide a better understanding of the complex interaction of pathophysiologic events after traumatic SCI. Future approaches will involve strategies aimed at blocking the multiple mechanisms of progressive central nervous system injury and promoting neuroregeneration.
Authors: Ke Li; Charles Nicaise; Daniel Sannie; Tamara J Hala; Elham Javed; Jessica L Parker; Rajarshi Putatunda; Kathleen A Regan; Valérie Suain; Jean-Pierre Brion; Fred Rhoderick; Megan C Wright; David J Poulsen; Angelo C Lepore Journal: J Neurosci Date: 2014-05-28 Impact factor: 6.167
Authors: I Paterniti; M Campolo; M Cordaro; D Impellizzeri; R Siracusa; R Crupi; E Esposito; S Cuzzocrea Journal: Mol Neurobiol Date: 2016-09-29 Impact factor: 5.590
Authors: T Genovese; A Rossi; E Mazzon; R Di Paola; C Muià; R Caminiti; P Bramanti; L Sautebin; S Cuzzocrea Journal: Br J Pharmacol Date: 2007-12-03 Impact factor: 8.739