Hodgkin's lymphoma as a cause of fever of unknown origin in HIV infection.

The risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma is increased in HIV-infected patients. In these patients Hodgkin's lymphoma is an aggressive disease with poor clinical outcome. Complete remission and survival rates are far below that reported in HIV-uninfected population. Since the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, malignancies are the major cause of mortality in HIV-infected patients. We report a case of a 29-year-old HIV-positive male who presented with fever of unknown origin, pancytopenia, and hemophagocytic syndrome. The diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma with bone marrow involvement was made on bone marrow biopsy, 5 months after the onset of fever. The patient was treated with chemotherapy and achieved a complete remission. Relapse occurred 28 months later and he died 31 months after initial diagnosis. Prolonged fever is frequently observed in HIV-infected patients and could represent a diagnostic challenge. Infectious diseases are the most common causes, however lymphomas are the third most common cause of fever of unknown origin in HIV disease. This case illustrates the difficulties in accurately diagnosing Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients presenting with prolonged, unexplained fever, and emphasizes the use of bone marrow biopsy to confirm Hodgkin's lymphoma, particularly if cytopenia and hemophagocytic syndrome are present.