Risks versus benefits of NSAIDs including aspirin in myocarditis: a review of the evidence from animal studies.

NSAIDs, including aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), are frequently used and effective in a broad variety of inflammatory diseases, i.e. rheumatic carditis and pericarditis. Myocarditis may constitute another suitable indication for NSAIDs in order to relieve the symptoms of the presumed viral infection or because pericardial effusion is often associated with this condition. However, concerns have been raised about their indiscriminate use in myocarditis. To clarify this issue, we conducted a systematic review of the literature concerning myocarditis, aspirin and NSAIDs. We examined five animal studies of NSAIDs (indomethacin and ibuprofen) and aspirin in coxsackievirus B3- and B4-induced myocarditis. These studies indicated a deleterious effect of NSAIDs and aspirin in this setting, demonstrating a 2- to 3-fold increase in inflammation, myocytes necrosis and even mortality when compared with placebo. This possible deleterious effect was more predominant when NSAIDs or aspirin were administered during the acute and subacute phases of myocarditis; however, it was still noted when NSAIDs were administered during the late phase of the disease (the effect of aspirin was not evaluated in late phase studies). According to these animal studies, such effect might be attributed to decreased viral clearance (possibly via interferon inhibition) and/or exaggerated cytotoxic response (via interleukin-2 or inhibition of suppressor cells factors) and/or coronary artery spasm. We found one animal study looking at autoimmune myocarditis and it did not demonstrate any beneficial or detrimental effect of aspirin. Moreover, recent data suggest that aspirin and NSAIDs may counteract part of the efficacy of ACE inhibitors and be deleterious in chronic heart failure. Taken together, these studies point to a possible deleterious effect of aspirin and NSAIDs in human myocarditis. In view of these animal studies and in the absence of controlled studies of aspirin or NSAIDs in human myocarditis, we do not recommend indiscriminate treatment with NSAIDs or high-dose aspirin in patients with myocarditis where there is no or minimal associated pericarditis.