A meta-analysis of police suicide rates: findings and issues.

Meta-analyses of police suicide rates and ratios to the comparison population were conducted using 101 samples from the literature. The large effect sizes (ES = .74) showed that suicide rates based on short time frames were significantly higher than for long time frames. There were regional differences such that rates in the Americas and Europe were higher than in the Caribbean and Asian regions. There were differences in rates between federal, regional, and municipal police forces. Issues researchers need to address include the use of long time frames; the reporting of more complete suicide statistics, including breakdowns by year, sex, and ethnic groups; and the rates for population comparison groups.