[Sleeping sickness, forgotten illness: what are the consequences in the field?].

For nearly 25 years, sleeping sickness was forgotten and increasingly neglected. Research programs and control activities against human African trypanosomiasis were discontinued. Statistical studies show a constant decrease in the number of people screened and cases detected and little change in the ratios of actively versus passively diagnosed cases and of the early (blood and lymph involvement) versus late (cerebral involvement) stage cases. In the field neglect of the disease led to deterioration not only physical facilities but also human resources. As teams aged, senior members were often replaced by less than fully qualified people resulting in a decline in efficiency and organization. Many basic notions were lost and the albeit scarce innovations in diagnosis and therapy were often overlooked. When the fight against sleeping sickness was finally resumed, these factors had to be taken into account. Efforts in the field have been focused on four areas: renovation of equipment, didactic and practical training for health care personnel, development of a decision-making algorithm based on diagnostic findings, and implementation of new therapeutic protocols.