Hybrid approach for minimally-invasive operative therapy of arrhythmias.

The failure of linear radiofrequency lesions to effectively replace operative therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF) is largely related to the inability to produce complete lines of conduction block. While pulmonary vein ablation enjoys success in patients with paroxysmal AF, patients with persistent AF and permanent AF fair less well. As such, a minimally-invasive, preferably "off pump" robotically-assisted procedure for complex arrhythmias like AF remains highly desirable. The shift to access from a mini-thoracotomy or port access will limit visualization and direct access to the ablation target. For the most part, the tools to overcome these limitations are not yet developed. As these develop, it is critical for the electrophysiologic effects of the delivered lesions to be assessed. With the development of non-fluoroscopic mapping systems and advances in imaging, a hybrid operative, electrophysiology (EP) suite can be equipped to provide full support for the surgeon and electrophysiologist. This will provide the opportunity to assess the efficacy and safety of ablation lesions, ideally with direct feedback to the surgeon. A hybrid approach will provide the opportunity to gain insights into the success and failure of specific ablation tools, approaches and lesions. This step will be crucial in understanding why specific procedures ultimately fail to cure AF and other complex arrhythmias.