Medical limitations of gas masks for civilian populations: the 1991 experience.

Using a gas mask (GM) may involve considerable inconvenience, impairment of respiration and communication, and serious psychological reactions. The medical literature is primarily focused on the occupational aspects of using the GM by young and healthy workers. In contrast, there is hardly any information concerning the use of GMs by large, unselected populations, including children, the elderly, and the sick. Issuing GMs to all residents of Israel prior to Operation Desert Storm created an urgent need to define the populations whose health might be jeopardized by using the standard GM. Adding an active air supply system (AASS) to a standard GM may ease the burden on this high-risk group. We evaluated the physiological aspects of breathing with a GM, with and without AASS, in respect to pathophysiology of diseases, and reached a set of criteria for identifying those who may be endangered by a GM and are expected to benefit from the AASS. The method used to sort and identify those entitled to the AASS is described.