Epilepsy and cognition.

Patients with epilepsy are more prone to cognitive and behavioral deficits. Epilepsy per se may induce or exacerbate an underlying cognitive impairment, a variety of factors contribute to such deficits, i.e., underlying neuropathology, seizure type, age of onset, psychosocial problems, and treatment side effects. Epilepsy treatment may offset the cognitive and behavioral impairments by stopping or decreasing the seizures, but it may also induce untoward effects on cognition and behavior. The neurocognitive burden of epilepsy may even start through in utero exposure to medications. Epilepsy surgery can also induce certain cognitive deficits, although in most cases this can be minimized. Clinicians should consider cognitive side effect profiles of antiepileptic medications, particularly in extreme age groups. While no effective treatments are available for cognitive and behavioral impairments in epilepsy, comprehensive pretreatment evaluation and meticulous selection of antiepileptic drugs or surgical approach may minimize such untoward effects.