Condom use for preventing HIV infection/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparative multilevel analysis of Uganda and Tanzania.

This study explored the relationships between individual-, household-, and community-level variables and condom use to prevent HIV infection in women and men in Uganda and Tanzania using multilevel modeling. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys for Uganda (1995) and Tanzania (1996) as well as data collected by the MEASURE Evaluation Project at the Carolina Population Center for Tanzania (1996 and 1999), the study found higher condom use among men than women. There was also heterogeneity in condom use among different clusters for both women and men. More specifically, women and men living in clusters with higher indicators of development were more likely to use condoms to prevent HIV infection. In addition, condom use was much more prevalent in areas where health care services were nearby (0-5 km). In addition, condom use was more common among women (but not men) who lived in clusters where HIV/AIDS testing, counseling, and treatment were provided. The results further revealed that education improved condom use; however, the effect of education was considerably reduced in the models that included HIV/AIDS knowledge and cluster-level variables. The positive effect of household wealth on condom use also diminished after controlling for the effects of the knowledge and cluster-level factors. Knowledge about HIV and perceiving oneself to be at risk for contracting HIV infection improved condom use.