High frequency of alternative splicing of human genes participating in the HIV-1 life cycle: a model using TSG101, betaTrCP, PPIA, INI1, NAF1, and PML.

Alternative splicing may generate splice forms with different biologic roles or missing protein domains implicated in the interaction with HIV-1. To address this issue, 6 human genes were investigated-tumor suppressor gene 101 (TSG101), beta-transducin repeats containing protein (betaTrCP), peptidyl-proly cis-trans isomerase, cyclophilin A (PPIA), integrase interactor 1 protein (INI1), Nef-associated factor 1 (NAF1), and promyelacytic leukemia (PML)-involved in the viral life cycle and HIV-1 pathogenesis. All 6 genes presented alternative splicing, and a combined bioinformatic and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis identified 27 new variants for a total of 53 splice forms (an average of 9 variants per gene). The predicted frequency of the various splice forms based on expressed sequence tags (EST) analysis corresponded to the semiquantitative findings on RT-PCR analysis for the cell culture systems and for native CD4 cells investigated. Interindividual variation in the frequencies of various splice forms in CD4 T cells from blood donors was observed for INI1. Cell type-specific variation of splice pattern was observed for NAF1. Eight splice forms lacked or modified motifs implicated in the interaction with HIV-1, underscoring the potential interest of assessing alternative splicing when investigating viral cell biology and pathogenesis.