Aquaporin expression in normal human kidney and in renal disease.

Aquaporins (AQPs), membrane-inserted water channel proteins, play a highly important role in the reabsorption of water from the renal tubular fluid. Experimentally, both in rats and mice, failure to insert functional AQP molecules into renal tubular membranes leads to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In humans, most forms of renal disease lead to a reduction in the water handling capacity of the kidney. AQP distribution in various forms of human renal disease has not been documented. Immunohistochemical studies of biopsy samples from a wide range of renal diseases revealed a substantial and striking upregulation of AQP-1 in the glomeruli of most diseased kidneys. AQP-1 expression remained prominent in proximal tubules in all lesions. In contrast, there was judged qualitatively to be a reduction in the amounts of AQP-2 and AQP-3 expression, especially in lesions with substantial interstitial fibrosis and nephron loss, as compared with a healthy region of normal kidneys. The results were quantitatively confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. This is the first documentation of altered AQP expression in human renal disease. The significance of the increased AQP-1 expression requires further studies.