Automated detection and quantification of venous beading using Fourier analysis.

Venous beading associated with diabetic retinopathy is currently assessed by means of subjective comparison to standard photographs from the modified Airlie House classification scheme. We describe a computerized grading scheme for venous beading. The algorithm, based on Fourier analysis of vessel width measurements, generates a venous beading index (VBI) for digitized colour fundus photographs. Colour photographs of local vessel segments about 1200 microns in length were evaluated by experienced graders. A comparison between the VBI and subjective grading showed good agreement. The mean VBI values across the four levels of clinical grading were significantly different (p = 0.000). Multiple comparison testing indicated that the VBI was able to significantly differentiate between all four categories except the "questionable" (grade 1) category (p < 0.05). We also found that progression of venous beading can be followed with the VBI. The results indicate that further development of automated grading of venous beading is warranted.