Constipation related to narcotic therapy. A protocol for nurses and patients.

Constipation is a well-known side effect of narcotics and can add to the total burden of pain of cancer patients in need of pain medication. There is little literature on this topic, and it has been suggested that one reason is that the definitions are vague and socially bound. It has also been suggested that some physicians consider constipation a trivial problem, resulting in a relative lack of attention to the subject. Although this article addresses narcotic-induced constipation, other types related to poor dietary and exercise habits and to disease are mentioned and may be contributing factors. There are a number of drugs and treatments available to treat the problem, but the emphasis of nursing care should be on prevention of constipation. Senna derivatives have been noted to reverse the major constipating effect of narcotics, i.e., the decrease in propulsive movements of the colon, and it is recommended they be given right along with narcotics as a preventive measure. A protocol that incorporates a schedule of drugs and dosages and specific patient and nursing guidelines for daily evaluation of bowel function, with education about dietary, fluid, and exercise requirements, will help nurses practice prevention and contribute to patients' comfort.