D Scholes1, J R Daling, A S Stergachis. 1. Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, Wash. 98101.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Further information is needed on modifiable factors associated with the occurrence of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Cigarette smoking has been implicated as a risk factor for PID sequelae, but the association between smoking and PID has yet to be fully examined. METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study to evaluate smoking as a risk factor for acute PID. The case patients (n = 131) were women health maintenance organization (HMO) enrollees between the ages of 18 and 40 years who were treated for a first episode of PID. The control patients (n = 294) were randomly selected from the HMO enrollment files. RESULTS: Relative to never smokers, current smokers were at increased risk of PID. Women who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day had a higher risk than did those who smoked less. Available data indicate that smoking status is not serving as a marker for uncontrolled confounding by lifestyle factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study results suggest that smoking represents a modifiable risk factor for acute PID.
OBJECTIVES: Further information is needed on modifiable factors associated with the occurrence of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Cigarette smoking has been implicated as a risk factor for PID sequelae, but the association between smoking and PID has yet to be fully examined. METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study to evaluate smoking as a risk factor for acute PID. The case patients (n = 131) were women health maintenance organization (HMO) enrollees between the ages of 18 and 40 years who were treated for a first episode of PID. The control patients (n = 294) were randomly selected from the HMO enrollment files. RESULTS: Relative to never smokers, current smokers were at increased risk of PID. Women who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day had a higher risk than did those who smoked less. Available data indicate that smoking status is not serving as a marker for uncontrolled confounding by lifestyle factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study results suggest that smoking represents a modifiable risk factor for acute PID.
Authors: Amelia K Wesselink; Elizabeth E Hatch; Kenneth J Rothman; Ellen M Mikkelsen; Ann Aschengrau; Lauren A Wise Journal: Hum Reprod Date: 2019-03-01 Impact factor: 6.918
Authors: I Simms; J M Stephenson; H Mallinson; R W Peeling; K Thomas; R Gokhale; P A Rogers; P Hay; P Oakeshott; J Hopwood; H Birley; M Hernon Journal: Sex Transm Infect Date: 2006-08-10 Impact factor: 3.519
Authors: Rose G Radin; Elizabeth E Hatch; Kenneth J Rothman; Ellen M Mikkelsen; Henrik Toft Sørensen; Anders H Riis; Lauren A Wise Journal: Fertil Steril Date: 2014-04-18 Impact factor: 7.329