Cooperation between two Thiobacillus strains for heavy-metal removal from municipal sludge.

A mixed culture of two fast-growing bacterial strains for heavy-metal solubilization of municipal sewage sludge has been developed. Strain VA-7 decreases the initial sludge pH (7-8.5) to a value between 4.0 and 4.5. Then, strain VA-4 begins growing and further reduces the pH to values below 2.0. The rapid decrease of sludge pH by a mixed culture through sulfur oxidation into sulfuric acid solubilizes the toxic metals (Cd 83-96%, Cr 16-54%, Cu 85-87%, Mn 91-94%, Ni 78-79%, Pb 28-46%, Zn 82-96%) to levels recommended for intensive use of residual sludge in agriculture. A study of the physiological and metabolic characteristics of these strains revealed that isolate VA-7 is a strain of Thiobacillus thioparus (ATCC 55127), while isolate VA-4 corresponds to a Thiobacillus thiooxidans (ATCC 55128). These bacterial strains possess distinctive physiological characteristics that allow them to easily grow and solubilize heavy metals in municipal sludge.