Renal cell carcinoma.

The behavior of renal cell carcinoma remains one of the most unpredictable of the genitourinary neoplasms. Once this disease has spread beyond the confines of the kidney, it is extremely difficult to control. This year, emphasis has focused on the characteristic cytogenetic and chromosomal changes that are seen in this tumor that help to explain partially its enigmatic behavior. Immunotherapy remains the mainstay of nonsurgical therapy. Recent studies have examined the efficacy of using combinations of interferons, interleukin-2, or specific subpopulations of lymphoid cells to control metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The role of surgery in metastatic disease, tumor extending into the vena cava, and parenchyma-sparing operations continues to be examined. This review examines the most recent literature on each of these aspects in the treatment of this difficult and challenging tumor.