CD56 (NKH1)-positive hematolymphoid malignancies: an aggressive neoplasm featuring frequent cutaneous/mucosal involvement, cytoplasmic azurophilic granules, and angiocentricity.

CD56 (NKH1) expression is a rare phenomenon in malignant lymphomas, mostly confined to those occurring in the nasal or nasopharyngeal region. In this study we provide a detailed clinicopathologic analysis of nine patients with CD56-positive hematolymphoid malignancies occurring in sites other than the upper aerodigestive tract. The disease occurred predominantly in young and middle-aged men (mean age, 40 years) who often presented with swinging fever, skin rash, and/or hepatosplenomegaly, usually in the absence of peripheral lymphadenopathy. There was frequent involvement of the skin and mucosal sites, such as the salivary gland, lungs, and small intestine. The disease pursued a highly aggressive course, with most patients dying within weeks despite cytotoxic therapy. Although the cytologic appearances and immunophenotypic profile varied from case to case, the group of tumors could be unified by two morphologic features, namely, the presence of azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells and the frequent occurrence of angiocentric and angiodestructive infiltrates. Since CD56 reactivity appears to confer a poor prognosis in hematolymphoid malignancies, we recommended inclusion of CD56 antibody in the routine panel for immunophenotypic analysis.