Regulatory role of nitric oxide on monocyte-derived dendritic cell functions.

Nitric oxide (NO) has an established role in the defense against bacterial infections and exerts multiple modulatory activities on both inflammatory and immune responses. However, the relevance of NO on dendritic cell (DC) functions has been poorly investigated. In this study, we found that addition of the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) to monocyte-derived DCs matured by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or soluble CD40 ligand led to a decreased capacity to activate naive allogeneic T cells but a more prominent Th1 polarization, with increased interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion and reduced interleukin-5 (IL-5) release. The presence of GSNO during maturation of DCs caused a reduced expression of surface CD86, whereas CD80, CD83, and MHC molecule expression was not affected. Moreover, GSNO induced a dose-dependent decrease of IL-10 and enhancement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release from mature DCs. In parallel, a marked reduced production of IL-12 p40 subunit but no significant perturbation of the bioactive IL-12 p70 production was observed. Finally, GSNO significantly reduced the release of IP-10/CXCL10 and RANTES/CCL5 but not IL-8/CXCL8 by mature DCs. Although GSNO can strengthen the capacity of mature DCs to induce type 1 polarization of T lymphocytes, our data suggest that it elicits distinct anti-inflammatory functions, eventually reducing T lymphocyte proliferation and recruitment.