OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the pathophysiology of the denervated heart and the factors that need to be considered before recommending the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications in the cardiac transplant recipient. DATA SOURCES: Pharmacology and therapeutic textbooks, English-language journal articles, and physiology textbooks published between 1969 and 1991. DATA EXTRACTION: Case reports, controlled case studies, and textbook chapters evaluating drug interactions with immunosuppressive agents were reviewed. The effects of various OTC medications on the denervated heart were examined and relevant material was extrapolated. DATA ANALYSIS: The number of cases or studies in which a particular effect or interaction occurred was reported. Those findings that were less well documented were either identified as such or were not included in the review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Common pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with the primary immunosuppressive agents (e.g., cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone) are reviewed. The physiology and altered responses of the denervated heart to various medications are also explained. Using this information recommendations are given for the use and monitoring of OTC analgesics, antacids, laxatives, sleep aids, stimulants, and other medications that may be used in the cardiac transplant recipient. CONCLUSIONS: Many OTC medications can be used safely in the cardiac transplant recipient. In each situation, risk/benefit assessments must always be made and therapy should be monitored closely. Most important, patients should always notify the transplant team before adding an OTC product to their immunosuppressive regimen.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the pathophysiology of the denervated heart and the factors that need to be considered before recommending the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications in the cardiac transplant recipient. DATA SOURCES: Pharmacology and therapeutic textbooks, English-language journal articles, and physiology textbooks published between 1969 and 1991. DATA EXTRACTION: Case reports, controlled case studies, and textbook chapters evaluating drug interactions with immunosuppressive agents were reviewed. The effects of various OTC medications on the denervated heart were examined and relevant material was extrapolated. DATA ANALYSIS: The number of cases or studies in which a particular effect or interaction occurred was reported. Those findings that were less well documented were either identified as such or were not included in the review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Common pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with the primary immunosuppressive agents (e.g., cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone) are reviewed. The physiology and altered responses of the denervated heart to various medications are also explained. Using this information recommendations are given for the use and monitoring of OTC analgesics, antacids, laxatives, sleep aids, stimulants, and other medications that may be used in the cardiac transplant recipient. CONCLUSIONS: Many OTC medications can be used safely in the cardiac transplant recipient. In each situation, risk/benefit assessments must always be made and therapy should be monitored closely. Most important, patients should always notify the transplant team before adding an OTC product to their immunosuppressive regimen.