Bacterial conjugation: everybody's doin' it.

Recent evidence suggests that bacterial conjugation is ubiquitous in the bacterial world and that DNA transfer between different genera-kingdoms is possible. It has also been demonstrated that many bacterial gene transfer systems resemble each other at the molecular level and that others are a blend of two or more of these systems. Thus, in the absence of a sexual cycle, bacterial conjugation, along with bacteriophages, transposons, and natural transformation systems, forms a potent force for gene dissemination and repair in the eubacteria and simple eukaryotes.