Determination of the orientation of a DNA binding motif in a protein-DNA complex by photocrosslinking.

We have developed a straightforward biochemical method to determine the orientation of the DNA binding motif of a sequence-specific DNA binding protein relative to the DNA site in the protein-DNA complex. The method involves incorporation of a photoactivatable crosslinking agent at a single site within the DNA binding motif of the sequence-specific DNA binding protein, formation of the derivatized protein-DNA complex, UV-irradiation of the derivatized protein-DNA complex, and determination of the nucleotide(s) at which crosslinking occurs. We have applied the method to catabolite gene activator protein (CAP). We have constructed and analyzed two derivatives of CAP: one having a phenyl azide photoactivatable crosslinking agent at amino acid 2 of the helix-turn-helix motif of CAP, and one having a phenyl azide photoactivatable crosslinking agent at amino acid 10 of the helix-turn-helix motif of CAP. The results indicate that amino acid 2 of the helix-turn-helix motif is close to the top-strand nucleotides of base pairs 3 and 4 of the DNA half site in the CAP-DNA complex, and that amino acid 10 of the helix-turn-helix motif is close to the bottom-strand nucleotide of base pair 10 of the DNA half site in the CAP-DNA complex. The results define unambiguously the orientation of the helix-turn-helix motif relative to the DNA half site in the CAP-DNA complex. Comparison of the results to the crystallographic structure of the CAP-DNA complex [Schultz, S., Shields, S. & Steitz, T. (1991) Science 253, 1001-1007] indicates that the method provides accurate, high-resolution proximity and orientation information.