Prevalence of hepatitis C virus RNA in organ donors positive for hepatitis C antibody and in the recipients of their organs.

BACKGROUND: There is a high prevalence of liver disease among the recipients of organs from donors with antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV). We undertook a study to determine the frequency of persistent HCV infection, as indicated by the presence of HCV RNA, among both cadaveric organ donors positive for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and the recipients or organs from these donors.
METHODS: Serum samples from donors and recipients were tested for HCV RNA with the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, with use of primers from the 5' untranslated region of the HCV genome, and for anti-HCV with the first-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and two second-generation tests.
RESULTS: HCV RNA was detected in 9 of the 11 organ donors (82 percent) with a positive first-generation ELISA for anti-HCV. Among the organ recipients, the prevalence of HCV RNA increased after transplantation: 7 of 26 patients (27 percent) had positive samples before transplantation, as compared with 23 of 24 patients (96 percent) after transplantation (P less than 0.001). Among 13 recipients who were HCV RNA-negative before receiving organs from the nine HCV RNA-positive donors, HCV infection was detected in all 13 after transplantation, and anti-HCV developed in 8 (62 percent). On the basis of a positive test for HCV RNA, the maximal sensitivity of the three anti-HCV tests was 57 percent (positive in 4 of 7 patients with end-stage organ failure) before transplantation and 70 percent (positive in 16 of 23 patients) after transplantation.
CONCLUSIONS: Nearly all the recipients of organs from anti-HCV-positive donors become infected with HCV. The current tests for anti-HCV antibodies underestimate the incidence of transmission and the prevalence of HCV infection among immunosuppressed organ recipients.