Internal motional averaging and three-dimensional structure determination by nuclear magnetic resonance.

Dynamic averaging effects from internal motions on interproton distances estimated from nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) are determined by using a molecular dynamics simulation of lysozyme. Generalized order parameters measuring angular averaging and radial averaging parameters are calculated. The product of these two parameters describes the full averaging effects on cross-relaxation. Analysis of 2778 non-methyl NOE interactions from the protein interior and surface indicates that distances estimated by assuming a rigid molecule have less than 10% error for 89% of the NOE interactions. However, analysis of 1854 methyl interactions found that only 68% of the distances estimated from cross-relaxation rates would have less than 10% error. Qualitative evaluation of distances according to strong, medium and weak NOE intensities, when used to define only the upper bound for interproton separation, would misassign less than 1% of the distance constraints because of motional averaging. Internal motions do not obscure the identification of secondary structure, although some instances of significant averaging effects were found for interactions in alpha-helical regions. Interresidue NOEs for amino acids more than three residues apart in the primary sequence are more extensively averaged than intraresidue or short-range interresidue NOEs. Intraresidue interactions exhibit a greater degree of angular averaging than those involving interresidue proton pairs. An internal motion does not equally affect all NOE interactions for a particular proton. Thus, incorporation of averaging parameters in nuclear magnetic resonance structure determination procedures must be made on a proton-pair-wise basis. On the basis of the motional averaging results, particular fixed-distance proton pairs in proteins are suggested for use as distance references. A small percentage of NOE pairs localized to three regions of the protein exhibit extreme averaging effects from internal motions. The regions and types of motions involved are described.