Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions using various low-cost adsorbents.

The removal of single heavy metals Co and Zn from aqueous solutions using various low-cost adsorbents (Fe(2)O(3), Fe(3)O(4), FeS, steel wool, Mg pellets, Cu pellets, Zn pellets, Al pellets, Fe pellets, coal, and GAC) was investigated. Experiments were performed at different solution pH values (1.5-9) and metal concentrations (0.67-333 mg/l). The effect of solution pH on metal adsorption using Fe(2)O(3) and Fe(3)O(4) was significant, but was negligibly small using steel wool, Mg pellets, Fe pellets, and Al pellets over the entire pH range. Steel wool and Mg pellets were the most excellent adsorbents; for example, the removal of Zn and Co from dilute solutions (<35 mg/l) was greater than 94% at an adsorbent dose of 1.7 g/l. A mass transfer model, which involves two parameters tau (50% breakthrough time) and k (proportionality constant), was proposed to describe breakthrough data of Co in the fixed beds packed with steel wool and Mg pellets. The calculated breakthrough curves agreed well with the measured data (standard deviation < 6%). The value of tau decreased with increasing the flow rate. The effects of flow rates on the value of k and adsorption capacity are discussed.