Oxidative stress in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome: a gateway to atherosclerosis.

Vascular disease and atherosclerosis are significant clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Oxidation is one of the major factors responsible for atheroma development in this context. Anticardiolipin antibodies seem to play an important role by inducing nitric oxide and superoxide production, resulting in enhanced levels of plasma peroxynitrite, which is a powerful pro-oxidant substance. Furthermore, direct interference of these antibodies with paraoxonase activity, a high-density lipoprotein-related anti-oxidant enzyme, would contribute to the oxidative stress found in these conditions. The accelerated process of atherogenesis found in these diseases can represent a useful model for the study of atherosclerosis in the general population.