Immune profiling: molecular monitoring in renal transplantation.

Molecular techniques have become a mainstay for most biomedical research. In particular, sensitive methods for gene transcript detection and advanced flow cytometry have been crucial in fostering our understanding of the basic mechanisms promoting allosensitization and adaptive immune regulation. These technologies have been validated in vitro, and in pre-clinical settings, and as such their clinical application is now clearly appropriate. It is becoming increasingly clear that these robust techniques hold much promise to better elucidate human transplant biology, and more importantly, guide clinical decision making with mechanistically-based information. This article will discuss our laboratory's use of several novel technologies, including gene polymorphism analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction transcript quantification, and multi-color flow cytometry in clinical human renal transplantation. Specific technical methodology will be presented outlining keys for effective clinical application. Clinical correlations will be presented as examples of how these techniques may have clinical relevance. Suggestions for the adaptation of these methods for therapeutic intervention will be given. We propose that clinical transplantation should proceed in close step with modern molecular diagnostics.