Ranking the risks of 12 major environmental pollutants that occur in Japan.

The risks posed by 12 major environmental pollutants in Japan were evaluated and ranked on the same scale. These were arsenic, benzene, cadmium, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, DDTs, dioxins, formaldehyde, methylmercury, radon, toluene, and xylenes. Approximately half of these substances are carcinogenic while the other half are non-carcinogenic. We applied a risk estimation framework that can evaluate both cancer and non-cancer risks on the same scale. The framework consists of two parts: the calculation of the probability of adverse health effects, and the evaluation of the severity of the effects. In order to calculate the probability of adverse health effects, individual variabilities in exposure level, metabolizing rate, and sensitivity were taken into account. Loss of life expectancy (LLE; days) was used as a measure of severity of the adverse health effects and of the resulting risk level. The risk level of the substances in terms of LLE ranged from approximately 0.01 to 10 days. The risks from radon and formaldehyde were found to be the highest, while those from DDT and chlordane were the lowest. Our findings also suggested that the risk levels posed by non-carcinogenic substances were comparable to those posed by carcinogenic substances.