Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 reduces cell adhesion and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.

Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1), a divergent member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is linked to the pathogenesis of cancer. To delineate possible roles for MIC-1 in prostate cancer, a number of prostate epithelial cell lines have been studied, including PZ-HPV-7, DU-145, PC-3, and LNCaP cells. Factors regulating the production of MIC-1 protein by these cells and some of the effects of MIC-1 on them were investigated. Although PZ-HPV-7 and DU-145 produced no MIC-1 protein, PC-3 and LNCaP cells secreted MIC-1 protein at high levels. The secretion of MIC-1 in LNCaP cells was modulated by both androgen and estrogen. Although neither MIC-1 nor anti-MIC-1 antibody had any effect on the proliferation of epithelial cells, MIC-1 induced changes in DU-145 cells. These cells became flattened and more spread out, and this was accompanied by reduced intercellular actin filaments and intercellular junctions. The DU-145 cells then detached from their substrate and underwent caspase-dependent apoptosis. To define some of the genes responsible for these changes, cDNA microarrays, followed by confirmatory reverse transcription-PCR, was used to analyze differential gene expression induced by MIC-1. The antiapoptotic gene metallothionein 1E and cell adhesion genes RhoE and catenin delta 1 were down-regulated by more than 2-fold by MIC-1, suggesting that they were, at least in part, responsible for the observed changes in the behavior of DU-145 cells. These findings suggest that although MIC-1 has no effect on cell proliferation, it reduces cell adhesion and consequently induces cell detachment. It is likely that caspase-dependent apoptosis is secondary to loss of cell adhesion and may suggest a role for MIC-1 in tumor dissemination in vivo.